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=== Ошибка Stale postmaster.pid file ===
<code bash>
cd /Users/$USER/Library/Application\ Support/Postgres/
ls
rm var-14/postmaster.pid
</code>

----

=== Преобразовать тип колонки из text в datetime ===

<code sql>
ALTER TABLE {table} ALTER COLUMN {column} type TIMESTAMP without time zone 
using ("{column}"::text::timestamptz);
</code>

----

=== Бэкап из консоли ===
<code bash>
pg_dump --dbname=postgresql://USER:PASS@127.0.0.1:5432/DB > backup_name
</code>

----

=== row_id ===
<code sql>
CREATE TABLE {table} (
	"id" SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
	lalala
);
</code>

<code sql>
ALTER TABLE {table}
ADD COLUMN id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY;
</code>

----

=== выбор даты минус n дней ===
<code sql>
SELECT * FROM {table} WHERE date > current_date - interval '30' day
</code>

----

=== ERROR: encoding UTF8 does not match locale en_US Detail: The chosen LC_CTYPE setting requires encoding LATIN1. ===
<code sql>
postgres=# UPDATE pg_database SET datistemplate = FALSE WHERE datname = 'template1';
postgres=# DROP DATABASE Template1;
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE template1 WITH owner=postgres ENCODING = 'UTF-8' lc_collate = 'en_US.utf8' lc_ctype = 'en_US.utf8' template template0;
postgres=# UPDATE pg_database SET datistemplate = TRUE WHERE datname = 'template1';
</code>

----

=== Backup ===
<code bash>
##############################
## POSTGRESQL BACKUP CONFIG ##
##############################

# Optional system user to run backups as.  If the user the script is running as doesn't match this
# the script terminates.  Leave blank to skip check.
BACKUP_USER=

# Optional hostname to adhere to pg_hba policies.  Will default to "localhost" if none specified.
HOSTNAME=

# Optional username to connect to database as.  Will default to "postgres" if none specified.
USERNAME=

# This dir will be created if it doesn't exist.  This must be writable by the user the script is
# running as.
BACKUP_DIR=/home/backups/database/postgresql/

# List of strings to match against in database name, separated by space or comma, for which we only
# wish to keep a backup of the schema, not the data. Any database names which contain any of these
# values will be considered candidates. (e.g. "system_log" will match "dev_system_log_2010-01")
SCHEMA_ONLY_LIST=""

# Will produce a custom-format backup if set to "yes"
ENABLE_CUSTOM_BACKUPS=yes

# Will produce a gzipped plain-format backup if set to "yes"
ENABLE_PLAIN_BACKUPS=yes

# Will produce gzipped sql file containing the cluster globals, like users and passwords, if set to "yes"
ENABLE_GLOBALS_BACKUPS=yes


#### SETTINGS FOR ROTATED BACKUPS ####

# Which day to take the weekly backup from (1-7 = Monday-Sunday)
DAY_OF_WEEK_TO_KEEP=5

# Number of days to keep daily backups
DAYS_TO_KEEP=7

# How many weeks to keep weekly backups
WEEKS_TO_KEEP=5

######################################
</code>

<code bash>
#!/bin/bash

###########################
####### LOAD CONFIG #######
###########################

while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
        case $1 in
                -c)
                        if [ -r "$2" ]; then
                                source "$2"
                                shift 2
                        else
                                ${ECHO} "Unreadable config file \"$2\"" 1>&2
                                exit 1
                        fi
                        ;;
                *)
                        ${ECHO} "Unknown Option \"$1\"" 1>&2
                        exit 2
                        ;;
        esac
done

if [ $# = 0 ]; then
        SCRIPTPATH=$(cd ${0%/*} && pwd -P)
        source $SCRIPTPATH/pg_backup.config
fi;

###########################
#### PRE-BACKUP CHECKS ####
###########################

# Make sure we're running as the required backup user
if [ "$BACKUP_USER" != "" -a "$(id -un)" != "$BACKUP_USER" ]; then
	echo "This script must be run as $BACKUP_USER. Exiting." 1>&2
	exit 1;
fi;


###########################
### INITIALISE DEFAULTS ###
###########################

if [ ! $HOSTNAME ]; then
	HOSTNAME="localhost"
fi;

if [ ! $USERNAME ]; then
	USERNAME="postgres"
fi;


###########################
#### START THE BACKUPS ####
###########################


FINAL_BACKUP_DIR=$BACKUP_DIR"`date +\%Y-\%m-\%d`/"

echo "Making backup directory in $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"

if ! mkdir -p $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR; then
	echo "Cannot create backup directory in $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR. Go and fix it!" 1>&2
	exit 1;
fi;


#######################
### GLOBALS BACKUPS ###
#######################

echo -e "\n\nPerforming globals backup"
echo -e "--------------------------------------------\n"

if [ $ENABLE_GLOBALS_BACKUPS = "yes" ]
then
        echo "Globals backup"

        set -o pipefail
        if ! pg_dumpall -g -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" | gzip > $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"globals".sql.gz.in_progress; then
                echo "[!!ERROR!!] Failed to produce globals backup" 1>&2
        else
                mv $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"globals".sql.gz.in_progress $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"globals".sql.gz
        fi
        set +o pipefail
else
	echo "None"
fi


###########################
### SCHEMA-ONLY BACKUPS ###
###########################

for SCHEMA_ONLY_DB in ${SCHEMA_ONLY_LIST//,/ }
do
	SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE="$SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE or datname ~ '$SCHEMA_ONLY_DB'"
done

SCHEMA_ONLY_QUERY="select datname from pg_database where false $SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE order by datname;"

echo -e "\n\nPerforming schema-only backups"
echo -e "--------------------------------------------\n"

SCHEMA_ONLY_DB_LIST=`psql -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" -At -c "$SCHEMA_ONLY_QUERY" postgres`

echo -e "The following databases were matched for schema-only backup:\n${SCHEMA_ONLY_DB_LIST}\n"

for DATABASE in $SCHEMA_ONLY_DB_LIST
do
	echo "Schema-only backup of $DATABASE"

	set -o pipefail
	if ! pg_dump -Fp -s -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" "$DATABASE" | gzip > $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE"_SCHEMA.sql.gz.in_progress; then
		echo "[!!ERROR!!] Failed to backup database schema of $DATABASE" 1>&2
	else
		mv $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE"_SCHEMA.sql.gz.in_progress $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE"_SCHEMA.sql.gz
	fi
	set +o pipefail
done


###########################
###### FULL BACKUPS #######
###########################

for SCHEMA_ONLY_DB in ${SCHEMA_ONLY_LIST//,/ }
do
	EXCLUDE_SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE="$EXCLUDE_SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE and datname !~ '$SCHEMA_ONLY_DB'"
done

FULL_BACKUP_QUERY="select datname from pg_database where not datistemplate and datallowconn $EXCLUDE_SCHEMA_ONLY_CLAUSE order by datname;"

echo -e "\n\nPerforming full backups"
echo -e "--------------------------------------------\n"

for DATABASE in `psql -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" -At -c "$FULL_BACKUP_QUERY" postgres`
do
	if [ $ENABLE_PLAIN_BACKUPS = "yes" ]
	then
		echo "Plain backup of $DATABASE"

		set -o pipefail
		if ! pg_dump -Fp -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" "$DATABASE" | gzip > $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".sql.gz.in_progress; then
			echo "[!!ERROR!!] Failed to produce plain backup database $DATABASE" 1>&2
		else
			mv $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".sql.gz.in_progress $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".sql.gz
		fi
		set +o pipefail
	fi

	if [ $ENABLE_CUSTOM_BACKUPS = "yes" ]
	then
		echo "Custom backup of $DATABASE"

		if ! pg_dump -Fc -h "$HOSTNAME" -U "$USERNAME" "$DATABASE" -f $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".custom.in_progress; then
			echo "[!!ERROR!!] Failed to produce custom backup database $DATABASE" 1>&2
		else
			mv $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".custom.in_progress $FINAL_BACKUP_DIR"$DATABASE".custom
		fi
	fi

done

echo -e "\nAll database backups complete!"
</code>

----